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- Polio Epidemic
-
-
- [In the 1940s and early 1950s, paralytic poliomyelitis was a
- terrifying scourge of American families; it was transmitted
- like plague in public places, and it attacked mainly children,
- making summertime, traditional time of outdoor fun, a season of
- dread. In 1952, polio's peak year, 57,879 cases were reported,
- with 3,145 deaths. But then there suddenly seemed to hope -- if
- not for a cure, at least for a preventive vaccine.]
-
-
- (February 9, 1953)
-
- There was solid good news on the polio front last week, and
- some not so solid. Across the U.S. many hasty reader got the
- idea that polio could be licked in 1953. The sober facts:
-
- Research Director Harry Weaver told the top brass of the
- National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis that a way has been
- found to treat polio virus with chemicals so that it is 1) too
- weak to cause the disease, but 2) still capable, when injected,
- of inducing the human system to manufacture antibodies. These
- antibodies (tiny protein particles in the blood) will protect
- the subject against a later invasion of full-strength polio
- virus. Admittedly, said Dr. Weaver, when the virus is weakened
- for injection, so is its power to spark antibody formation, but
- it keeps more of this power if it is given in certain oils.
-
- There is doubt as to whether the chemical "kills" the virus,
- but no doubt that it knocks it cold. Dr. Salk has taken some of
- the resulting vaccine and injected it into monkeys. Within three
- weeks, samples of their blood contained polio antibodies, but
- not in great strength.
-
-
- [Limited but successful tests of Salk's vaccine were first
- conducted in 1953. The next year much wider tests were carried
- out.
-
- Nationwide use of the vaccine had to be postponed because of
- difficulties with the leap from laboratory scale to factory
- production of the vaccine. Even so, by 1957 authorities were
- reporting an 80% decline in the incidence of paralytic polio,
- thanks to the Salk vaccine.]
-
-
- (March 29, 1954)
-
- This spring, Dr. Salk's vision and his delicate laboratory
- procedures and logarithmic calculations are to be put to the
- test. Beginning next month in the South and working North ahead
- of the polio season, the vaccine that Salk has devised and
- concocted will be shot into the arms of 500,000 to 1,000,000
- youngsters in the first, second and third grades in nearly 200
- chosen test areas. A few months later the 1954 polio season is
- over, statisticians will dredge from a mountain of records an
- answer to the question: Does the Salk vaccine give effective
- protection against polio?
-
-
- The big news came in three words: "The vaccine works." That
- was how the University of Michigan started off its terse summary
- of the verdict on the Salk polio vaccine.
-
- The gist of the report:
-
- >>The vaccine is up to 90% effective.
-
- >>The vaccine causes a minimum of undesirable side effects --
- all, apparently, minor.
-
- >>Results were most favorable from the areas where conditions
- were best for accurate appraisal.
-
-
- (April 25, 1955)
-
- The test vaccine was given in 127 areas, deliberately picked
- because they had a high polio-attack rate for several years.
- This was to make sure that there would be enough cases for the
- epidemiologists and their statistical machines. No fewer than
- 1,830,000 children were studied in the trials (440,000 were
- inoculated with the vaccine, 210,000 got a dummy substance,
- 1,180,000 were merely observed as "controls").
-
- Among these children, there were only 1,013 cases reported as
- polio (in the U.S. as a whole there were 38,000 cases in 1954).
- And the disease is so hard to identify that 150 of the reported
- cases were thrown out, leaving Dr. Francis' staff only 863
- confirmed polio cases.
-
-